Motion · 3 min read
Average Speed: the method, worked through
Average speed summarizes a complete journey using total path length and elapsed time.
30 illustrated guides
Lab notes
Work through the formula, compare a few scenarios and know where the model stops.
Motion · 3 min read
Understanding travel distance
Constant-speed travel produces a distance proportional to elapsed time.
Motion · 3 min read
Travel Time: from inputs to a useful answer
Dividing a path length by steady speed estimates the time needed to cover it.
Motion · 3 min read
A practical guide to average acceleration
Acceleration measures how velocity changes over time and can be signed in one dimension.
Motion · 3 min read
How final velocity works
Uniform acceleration changes velocity by a fixed amount each second.
Motion · 3 min read
Displacement under Acceleration: the method, worked through
The displacement combines the initial-velocity contribution with the effect of constant acceleration.
Motion · 3 min read
Understanding free-fall time
An object released from rest accelerates downward under a uniform gravitational field.
Motion · 3 min read
Free-Fall Impact Speed: from inputs to a useful answer
Conservation of energy relates a drop from rest to the ideal final speed.
Motion · 3 min read
A practical guide to projectile range
The ideal horizontal range depends on launch speed and elevation angle when landing height equals launch height.
Motion · 3 min read
How projectile maximum height works
Only the vertical component of launch velocity determines height above the launch point in an ideal trajectory.
Motion · 3 min read
Projectile Flight Time: the method, worked through
A symmetric ideal trajectory spends equal time rising and falling to its original elevation.
Forces · 3 min read
Understanding force from acceleration
Newton's second law connects net force to acceleration for constant mass.
Forces · 3 min read
Weight Force: from inputs to a useful answer
Weight is a force caused by gravity and varies with gravitational field strength.
Forces · 3 min read
A practical guide to momentum
Linear momentum combines mass with signed velocity in one dimension.
Forces · 3 min read
How impulse works
Impulse accumulates force over time and equals the change in momentum.
Forces · 3 min read
Spring Force Magnitude: the method, worked through
Hooke's law relates small elastic deformation to restoring force magnitude.
Forces · 3 min read
Understanding kinetic friction
A simple dry-friction model estimates sliding resistance from normal force and a friction coefficient.
Rotation · 3 min read
Torque Magnitude: from inputs to a useful answer
Torque depends on the force component perpendicular to the lever arm.
Rotation · 3 min read
A practical guide to centripetal acceleration
Circular motion requires inward acceleration even at constant speed.
Rotation · 3 min read
How centripetal force works
The net radial force needed for circular motion grows with the square of speed.
Energy · 3 min read
Kinetic Energy: the method, worked through
Translational kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion of a mass.
Energy · 3 min read
Understanding gravitational potential energy
Near a planetary surface, a change in height changes gravitational potential energy approximately linearly.
Energy · 3 min read
Spring Potential Energy: from inputs to a useful answer
An ideal linear spring stores elastic energy as it stretches or compresses.
Energy · 3 min read
A practical guide to work by constant force
Work depends on the component of a constant force along the displacement.
Energy · 3 min read
How average mechanical power works
Power describes the rate of transferring energy or doing work.
Energy · 3 min read
Mechanical Efficiency: the method, worked through
Efficiency compares useful output with the total energy supplied to a defined system.
Matter · 3 min read
Understanding mass density
Density connects how much mass occupies a measured volume.
Fluids · 3 min read
Pressure from Force: from inputs to a useful answer
Average pressure spreads a normal force over its contact area.
Fluids · 3 min read
A practical guide to hydrostatic pressure
Fluid pressure rises with depth under uniform density and gravity.
Fluids · 3 min read
How buoyant force works
Buoyancy equals the weight of displaced fluid in the elementary hydrostatic model.
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